The Uses of “Overcapacity”

Since US Treasury Secretary Janet Yellen’s visit to China in April 2024, during which she focused on “China’s industrial overcapacity,” the belief has settled in that China’s protection of its own market and mercantile approach to everyone else’s markets amounts to a massive unfair trade practice based on state-sponsored hyperproduction. Yellen and the European Union both focused on green-economy sectors (solar panels, electric vehicles), conjuring a scenario in which China would underprice the Western green economy to such an extent that it would never develop, giving China a geo-economic stranglehold on the post-carbon future. At that point, economic policy began to seem actually immoral. SIG’s view is that this popular argument is partial at best and certainly misleading.

Strictly speaking, “overcapacity” means having a production capacity in excess of demand. It is measured by the capacity-utilization rate. In an efficient, market-based economy capacity utilization should be around 80 percent. In China’s electric-vehicle industry, the capacity utilization rate is much higher than that, which means that the sector has the opposite of overcapacity. There is enough demand, domestic and international, for China’s biggest electric-vehicle maker (and largest private employer), BYD, to operate at close to 100% capacity. It is true that capacity-utilization rates  in China’s solar-panel industry are much lower, but that tends to depress prices (in order to stimulate demand). Affordable Chinese solar panels have been the key to the spread of solar-panel usage across the globe, speeding the green transition and stimulating the growth of panel-installation and maintenance industries. With cheap panels available, the cost of solar energy in the US dropped 40 percent over the past decade, and solar’s share of electrical power generation has gone from 0.1 percent in 2010 to 6 percent.

The current narrative on Chinese overcapacity also overemphasizes the China part. The three leading electric-vehicle exporters in China are BYD, SAIC, and  … Tesla. BYD’s largest shareholder for years has been Berkshire Hathaway. Pension-fund favorite BlackRock has also been a major and long-time shareholder. BYD certainly did receive government incentives for EV development and production but the benefits of its ensuing success did not only accrue to China or the Chinese.

The case of state-owned SAIC might seem simpler. However, SAIC and its state-owned competitor FAW have both been leaders in joining with Western automakers. There are FAW-Toyota and FAW-Volkswagen, along with SAIC-GM-Wuling, SAIC-GM, and SAIC-Volkswagen. These ventures, many begun in the 1990s, were created to bring Japanese, German, and American internal-combustion-engine manufacturing technology and expertise into Chinese industry, and to get Chinese-market access for the Western partners. FAW-Volkswagen was second to BYD in 2023 car sales in China. Other similar joint ventures (SAIC-Volkswagen, GAC-Toyota, SAIC-GM, FAW-Toyota) were in the top 10.

These corporate relationships have changed over time. Non-Chinese venture partners today learn at least as much as their Chinese counterparts do from working together. That process occurs with green companies as well. SAIC-GM-Wuling is third in the 2023 ranking of Chinese sales of new-energy vehicles (NEVs, which includes battery electric vehicles and plug-in hybrids), after Tesla and market leader BYD.

In short, Western and Japanese multinationals and investors have been part of, and have benefitted from, the growth of Chinese production and consumption that is behind the charge of overcapacity.

That is not so true of these sectors in countries like India, Brazil, or Turkey. They have perhaps piggy-backed on the overcapacity narrative, joining “the chorus of naysayers voicing concerns over China’s overcapacity conundrum,” as Bloomberg put it. The number of investigations brought by China’s trading partners against it more than doubled from 2023 to 2024 (from 69 to 160). Among the 28 trading partners involved, developing countries played an unusually large role. The major sources of complaint in 2024 were, in order of importance, India, the EU, Brazil, and the US, rather drawing into question BRICS solidarity, but Thailand, Peru, and Chinese ally Pakistan were also active. A strikingly high number of cases were brought after Yellen’s China visit and the related publicity given to overcapacity.

What is going on? States are using tariffs, non-tariff trade barriers, dumping complaints, and so on partly because of genuine concerns about unfair trade practices, partly in response to political pressure from domestic sources, and partly to force Chinese companies (including those with Western and Japanese investors or partners) to relocate manufacturing from China to their own territories, transfer technology to their own industries, and create jobs for their own citizens. The charge of overcapacity, especially in green industries like electric-vehicle production, gives a moral sheen to the unedifying process of using consumers as hostages to force in-country location of production. It is a hard pill for China to swallow. China has ample unemployment problems of its own. But the successes of Chinese manufacturing lead competing countries to desperate measures, particularly as US-China decoupling and US industrial policy force Chinese companies into less lucrative markets.

Ultimately this could have the effect of diffusing green-economy production and technology, notably in poorer manufacturing countries. That ought to be good for the planet. It can at least be good for investors as it creates opportunities that are not subject to the increasingly capricious US-China conflict.

Feeling Better and Feeling Worse, Part 5

by Dee Smith

The severe economic crisis of 2008 led to the crumbling of another pillar of American and Western power. The so-called wizards of Wall Street had not anticipated the crisis and were only able to contain it, partially, with enormous collateral damage and repercussions felt to this day.

Central to the 2008 crisis was the creation of complex new financial products known as derivatives and including collateralized debt obligations (CDOs). These were based on highly sophisticated mathematical models, had astonishing levels of risk, were poorly understood even by those who used them, and were placed in a market characterized by a boom mentality, with hyper-intense competition animated by a fear of missing out (FOMO). CDOs and the like grouped together what had been illiquid assets, particularly US home mortgages, and “derived” (hence the term derivatives) from them liquid—that is, tradable—securities. These were heavily exchanged. The entire edifice collapsed, with dire repercussions reaching from sovereign states to investment banks to individuals.

 At that point, the post-Cold War global Washington Consensus (that economic development and political activity should follow the US model) was mortally wounded. It was seen to be deficient, even deceptive, in its assumptions. And it became clear to Americans themselves that their own faith in the system seemed unwarranted.

Blame has accrued to the investor class of asset owners and asset managers. But is this really a fair assessment? Isn’t almost everyone in effect an asset owner? Doesn’t everyone want more money, all the time? Doesn’t every retiree want more, even when this exceeds what can readily (or even realistically) be produced from returns on the assets underlying their pensions and 401ks? If you are going to blame greed, then blame has to be apportioned very widely. The fund managers have essentially been working for all of us. We are all to blame.

A long decade later, the COVID-19 pandemic resulted in a feeding frenzy of misinformation and disinformation, largely deployed for political preservation. The idea that COVID originated from wild animals rather than from a lab leak is still wielded politically by the Chinese government (while they refuse to release information that could demonstrate it one way or the other). And misinformation came from sources that were supposed to be trustworthy. For example, the World Health Organization said at the beginning of the pandemic that Covid was NOT transmitted through the air (they capitalized “not”), and early efforts focused on sanitizing surfaces when, in fact, the vast majority of transmissions are airborne. It took 2 years and far too many deaths to correct this misinformation.

The central point is that all of this has coalesced into a disdain for expertise: financial, political, medical, scientific, even religious.

People see that, over and over, experts and leaders make pronouncements that soon prove to be inaccurate at best, or outright lies at worst. Increasingly, people deduce from this that they should not trust or believe experts and leaders at all.

The problem is not that science is unsure and proceeds by creating hypotheses and testing them to try to falsify or verify them. That is the only way it could function. Science is by its nature a work in progress. It is the best method we have for producing valid and effective information.

The problem is that leaders and experts make overstated or even false claims to establish and buttress their own authority, and then try to stake a claim to protect their individual and collective territory — while framing alternative ideas as threats. The fundamental issue with the early WHO’s response to COVID was not just that it presented inaccurate information. It was that it did not admit that it really did not know and that the information was tentative. This entire phenomenon of overstated pronouncements is made even worse by experts trying to hide the fact that they have changed their minds when they are forced by events to do so.

Academia these days provides severe examples of all these tendencies. Over the course of working with and leading advisory boards for academic institutions, I have experienced situations where certain things were not permitted to be said or to happen because they were seen to be against the way the wind was blowing at a given place and time. I was actually in one situation where the director of a program was insisting on preventing a qualified speaker from presenting because of that speaker’s background. He finally told me: “Listen, I have children and a family to support, and I cannot put my job at risk even though I agree in principle he should speak.” Could I ask him to endanger his family? Needless to say, that speaker did not deliver his talk. This occurs on both the left and the right, which is why the term “woke” is at best incomplete.

I mention this to adduce a key reason why this kind of situation so often occurs. It is not necessarily personal adherence to an ideology. It is fear of retribution from one’s colleagues and administrative superiors, masquerading as fealty to one set of ideas or another. The noisy minorities expressing grievances to advance their interests (at both ends of the political spectrum) not only yell louder than the silent majority, but they threaten the spirit of free inquiry on which Western academic life has for centuries been based. If it lasts, this is a sea-change.

A View from the Gulf - Part 3 of 3

As noted in the previous post in this series, the UAE has reoriented itself away from the Global North and toward the Global South, in particular Africa. There is a military aspect to this: the emirates have been active in the Yemen conflict, dwelt in the murk of post-Qaddafi Libya, and picked a side in the renewal of Sudan’s civil war. None of these adventures have gone well and enthusiasm for them among UAE officials is distinctly muted. The UAE is “much more geoeconomics than geopolitics,” according to Dr. Narayanappa Janardhan, director of research and analysis at the Anwar Gargash Diplomatic Academy in Abu Dhabi. Economic engagement is viewed as strategic. Janardhan saw the US and China as having wanted to keep the focus on geoeconomics but being unable to sustain it, slipping back instead into geopolitics. The UAE, by contrast, aims at both strategic autonomy and strategic ambiguity, a process without an end: “We are not looking at conflict resolution anymore,” Janardhan said, “but at conflict management.”

Because the Global North has somewhat withdrawn from geoeconomics in favor of security-led geopolitics — and with nearly all the northern economies, including across East Asia, at or near demographic stagnation — the UAE’s turn to the Global South is a strategic one. The exception to it is the US, which the UAE continues to see as useful for security reasons but which it mainly values as a prosperous economy uniquely able to develop new technologies. The US’s position is not altogether solid, however: there is strong resentment in the UAE at the questioning by the Committee on Foreign Investment in the US (CFIUS) of the UAE-controlled tech investor G42’s proposed stake in US-based AI chip developer Cerebras. (The UAE is obsessed with AI, mainly for demographic and post-carbon reasons.) CFIUS’s move was quintessentially geopolitical. The fear is that Cerebras technology would leak to China via the G42 channel. This is just the sort of geopolitical blockage of UAE growth and development that the emirates is struggling to avoid.

The Global South seems simpler. The UAE puts India in a privileged role. Janardhan stressed the importance of the India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC), which reaches from Piraeus across Israel, Saudi Arabia and the UAE to Mumbai, and I2U2 (launched 2022), which links Israel and India with the US and the UAE. India is not far behind China as a UAE trading partner, and is followed by Africa. India anchors the UAE in shifting the center of economic gravity from the G7 (US, Japan, UK, France, Germany, Italy, and Canada) to the E7 (China, India, Indonesia, Brazil, Russia, Mexico, and Turkey), the latter having already surpassed the former in economic size. 

The India-dominated non-alignment of the 1950s and 1960s centered on not taking sides in economic ideology, political philosophy, or the nuclear strategic balance, with the main goal being peace. The non-alignment being pursued by the UAE and India today is centered on not allowing economic growth to be hampered by … economic ideology, political philosophy, or the nuclear strategic balance. The goal is not so much peace as prosperity. In conversations around the dramatic changes in Syria, one even heard it said that “instability is good for us.” That is perhaps too cynical. What is clear is that the UAE sees itself as a stable node at the midpoint of several networks and corridors of trade that it is determined to strengthen: between the Chinese Belt and Road and Africa, between India and Africa, between India and the EU, linking the Gulf and Iraq with Turkey and the EU and building ties between the UAE, Iran, and Russia. The UAE’s power and prosperity lie precisely in its ability to privilege trade over politics. As point 3 in Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum’s 8 principles of Dubai reads, “Dubai does not invest or involve itself in politics, and does not rely on politics to ensure its competitiveness.” But it can also only have so big a domestic market with just 10 million people who already have the region’s highest per capita food consumption rates. India is the missing piece. It signed the first of the UAE’s Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreements (CEPAs) in 2022. There have been more than 20 since then, at various stages of ratification. All in the context of what is called the retreat from globalization.

It can be difficult to see from the US or Europe, but there is a genuine re-alignment of global trade and investment flows in favor of the Global South. For many decades, development of the Global South has been framed by a discourse of imperialism followed by uneven development and a morally urgent redistribution. But the Global South revival being led by the UAE and India (among others) has almost no moral inflection at all as it is occurring between and among former colonies. The point is growth, without further attempts to settle imperialist accounts. Western investors can definitely benefit from understanding this and finding opportunity in it: thus the soaring attendance at Abu Dhabi Finance Week, and the genuine plausibility of labelling “the capital of capital” what was a quiet and isolated emirate just a generation or two ago.

A View from the Gulf - Part 2 of 3

The previous post in this series sketched the distinctive combination in the United Arab Emirates of a federal state structure, non-democratic rule by an ethnically defined minority (10% of the population), an anxious discourse of national identity, a commitment to global free markets and market-led growth, an official policy of tolerance, and a strong internationalism. You can see all of these symbolized by the three new structures built in Abu Dhabi, the capital, for each of the Abrahamic religions (Islam, Judaism, and Christianity), flanked by the beautiful Louvre Abu Dhabi (the French brand has been leased to 2047), the Guggenheim Abu Dhabi, and the Sheikh Zayed National Museum. The latter two are scheduled to open in 2025. National identity and cosmopolitan tolerance were put in mundane context by the third Abu Dhabi Finance Week (9-11 December), which took place at the Abu Dhabi Global Markets (ADGM) complex and quite credibly promoted Abu Dhabi as “the capital of capital.”

These projects and the strategic thinking underlying them date back a number of years but the Covid crisis and the calcification of US-China rivalry gave them additional urgency. UAE planners were sharply aware by 2020 that the US, China, and India, in their different ways, were reorienting their globalization strategies to emphasize the importance of organizing production around their very large domestic markets and increasing their self-sufficiency in order to reduce their vulnerabilities to each other. Covid made this structural shift even starker, particularly in the Chinese case: large countries who could afford it were able to shut their markets more or less at will.

For a small, trade-dependent country like the UAE, these trends all led in a bad direction. There are many opinions on the moral valences of free-market globalization, but for the emirates its continuation was a question of survival, including cultural survival, and if major markets like China and the US were going to start seeing free trade as optional then the UAE would need to regroup. Covid also brought home a grim truth about dependence on expatriates: as a rule, they come for money, and they will leave for money, too. A significant number of UAE health professionals were poached by recruiters for Western countries desperate enough to raise wages. The UAE had already begun its “golden visa” program in 2019, allowing foreigners to become residents for 10 years without a local sponsor. Covid-related labor competition made it clear that the UAE needed to make itself even more attractive to expatriates. Having imported a laboring class to build the country, the UAE now needed to import an entrepreneurial upper-middle class, with a tech bias, in order to maximize its room for maneuver in a global economy whose major players were retrenching. UAE pro-family policies today are oriented toward helping both emiratis and non-emiratis raise families in the emirates. And pro-tolerance or pro-diversity policies are aimed at maximizing the pool of potential immigrants. Western discourse tends to frame tolerance and diversity in moral terms but in the UAE they have at least as much to do with factors of production.

An additional development in solidifying the UAE as a sort of Free Port in a new era of conditional globalization was US sanctions against Russia. Sanctions by the first Trump administration, in reaction to Russian actions in Ukraine, were relatively mild, but Biden-era sanctions after Russia’s invasion in 2022 were, from a UAE perspective, at a dangerous level. It was not just that sanctions so often hit UAE passport-holders with Russian names. The US’s use of SWIFT as a political tool and its corralling of European financial institutions were anathema to the aspiring “capital of capital.” The US’s increasing citation of proximity to the Russian military-industrial base as a criterion for sanctions pointed in an alarming direction, one already indicated by US containment of Chinese telecommunications, semiconductor, and AI sectors: the US-led West was engaged in a security-driven politicization of global financial, data, and trade flows. The lifeblood of emirati political economy was threatened.

The UAE’s reaction has been manifold. In technological terms, it has decided to go with Team USA (as people say) for the time being, ripping out Chinese systems in favor of Western ones. Emirati officials currently see the US as ahead in critical technological sectors, including artificial intelligence. Since the first Trump administration the US has posed a choice: either you stay with the US tech “stack” or you will be left to the mercies of the Chinese. The Biden administration was even more insistent on this point, and there is as yet no reason to suppose that the second Trump presidency will be different. So if the UAE wants to participate in the next stage of technological revolution, as it emphatically does, it will choose to do so on the US side.

Diplomatically, the UAE has become an enthusiastic participant in, and frequent convener of, most global fora. The UAE’s commitment to the World Economic Forum, beginning in 2002, has blossomed into an embrace of everything from the BRICS+ to the climate-change COP forum, a non-intuitive move for a society dependent on hydrocarbon extraction. This year’s Abu Dhabi Finance Week had twice the attendance of the previous year’s, with both China and the US well represented. 

Financially, the UAE, like many economies, is trying to find ways to reduce exposure to the political use of the US dollar. The Jaywan card, for example, is one among many instances of a “national credit card” that promises two related and widely desired outcomes: protection of independence from dollar-dependent payment clearing mechanisms and securing of citizens’ credit data. Such efforts do indeed introduce frictions of sovereignty into the networks of globalization — frictions that increase costs — but given US dominance of financial and data systems, and the clear US willingness to weaponize that dominance, even as eager a globalizer as the UAE will opt to protect its sovereign power.

However, the most interesting and unexpected UAE reaction to major-economy protectionism and the politicization of financial, data, and tech systems has been its turn away from the Global North, or more precisely the rich-world countries, possibly including China and Russia, that are becoming so wrapped up in their own geopolitical agonies. The UAE will “take sides” in those struggles when it feels it must, as with the choice of Western telecommunications gear and investment in the US tech sector. But it would prefer not to, and certainly does not see the choice as one between democracy and authoritarianism — Biden’s preferred framing.

The geoeconomic shifts of the last two decades have seen the UAE go from celebrating Davos Man to championing the Global South. The UAE is the fourth largest investor in Africa (after China, the US, and Europe) and is India’s third-largest trading partner. The UAE is pioneering an era of globalization that operates at a deliberate distance from the old industrialized countries where globalization had its origins. The third and final post in this series will describe this new world and some of its implications for international investment.

A View from the Gulf - Part 1 of 3

What do artificial intelligence, national identity, family values, and ethno-cultural tolerance have to do with each other? They provide interlocking means toward the goal of having an adequate labor supply for a coherent nation in a globalized world. How this works is perhaps nowhere clearer than in the United Arab Emirates. This three-part series will discuss the UAE based on conversations there during a recent visit. The first part will look more at the emirates in domestic terms; the second will place them in geoeconomic context; the final post will assess the implications of the emirates for the wider re-networking of globalization. The implications for investors are considerable. Understanding the re-networking of globalization is key to investing in it successfully, and for a variety of reasons the nature of this re-networking is revealed with particular clarity in the UAE.

The usual narrative one hears about UAE history stresses that the emirates once thrived on the trade in pearls. When artificial pearls were invented, the emitates’ economy collapsed. When oil and gas were discovered in 1958, the emirates got a precious second chance at developing a modern economy. Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan al Nahyan, the emir of Abu Dhabi, sought to join the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) in 1967. Sheikh Zayed, in collaboration with Sheikh Rashid bin Saeed al Maktoum, emir of Dubai, formed a federation of six emirates in 1971, which immediately became a member of OPEC. A seventh emirate, Ras al Khaimah, joined the initial six the following year. The UAE took on its current form, dominated by Abu Dhabi and Dubai with the emirate of Sharjah as the third power in the federation.

The core purpose of OPEC was to resist control by the industrialized, and often formerly imperial, powers that had the technology, expertise, and capital to develop oil and gas resources. Britain had dominated the emirates before withdrawing east of Suez in 1968, and the formative impulse of emirati federation was anti-imperial and developmental. The distinctive dynamism of the emirates is rooted in the fact that Dubai, while powerful, has few natural resources: 94% of emirati oil is in Abu Dhabi, which became the capital of the UAE. As a trading economy, Dubai led in diversifying the UAE’s development away from dependence on oil and gas. The relationship between Abu Dhabi and Dubai is often compared to that between Washington and New York, while the most frequently cited model for the UAE as a whole is Singapore.

The crucial point is that the UAE’s core political and economic driver was to grow through negotiating power with and among major industrialized countries that needed its petroleum resources to fuel their own development. To do so, it needed not only luck and skill but a labor force well beyond the capacity of a country with a population of roughly 300,000 in the 1970s. So it imported what it needed, usually on a contract basis and particularly from India, with which the emirates had long-standing commercial ties. The working conditions of this imported working class were often harrowing.

The country grew. Today the UAE’s population is over 10 million. About 10 percent are emiratis, Another 3 million are of Indian descent, a further million from elsewhere in South Asia. Emiratis grow up on Bollywood films. Mumbai is a two-hour flight away; it takes twice that time to reach Beirut. The emirates are effectively multicultural, with a decided orientation toward South Asia. This makes them different from other Persian Gulf cultures, and is a key to their prosperity, along with a commercial language and institutions taken over from imperial Britain and extended through relations with yet another former British colonial nation built on imported labor, often under very harrowing conditions indeed, the United States.

 As a minority in their own country, the emiratis kept tight control over their own political and economic power, led by a highly effective monarchical aristocracy accustomed to sharing out decision-making and commercial rewards. Intermarriage with non-emiratis was – as emiratis today tell the story – more common into the 1990s that it is now. The nature of emirati identity is a live issue, although not one that is easily aired in public discussion. Membership in emirati families brings privileges such as free land and healthcare. It also brings obligations of fealty to the monarchy, which can and does, for example, forbid travel by emiratis to states at variance with UAE policy. A variety of people can gain UAE residence permits and, increasingly, passports, but actual emirati-ness is recorded in a “family book” and conveys an identity and social power beyond citizenship.

To deal with the resulting tensions, the UAE has, among other measures, empowered emirati women and stressed productivity and discipline among emirati youth, particularly through subsidized education (including at top international institutions), military service, and sport. (Government ministries compete against each other in sports leagues.) Senior emirati ministers and other officials are strikingly young and very often female. The empowerment of women has the usual implications for overall fertility, and a notable aspect of government policy is a growing emphasis on pro-family measures. The three emphases of recent UAE strategic policy—AI, family, and national identity – represent an attempt to ensure and extend emiratis’ future as the core population of a country in which they are highly likely to remain a minority.

So, too, does the government’s emphasis on diversity, in several senses. Alongside a ministry for national identity is a ministry for tolerance. This only appears to be a paradox. To judge from numerous conversations with UAE officials and other emiratis as well as expatriates – an inadequate term for 90 percent of the population – the UAE leadership is keenly aware that the country can continue to thrive only through the tolerance of diverse religions and cultures. Managing a dynamic relationship between nationalism and internationalism might not be to every emirati’s taste but it is essential to survival, whether cultural, military, or economic. But especially, perhaps above all, economic: the UAE has enshrined in its basic strategy documents a commitment to private-sector-led development, and the government is trying every means to get young emiratis into private positions rather than having them follow the easier path of government service.

The next post will look at how the UAE is using this distinctive combination of national identity and market-driven economics to drive its political-economic growth.